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Area |
Strategies |
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1
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Language/Literacy Risks
Terms for anatomy, biological systems, disease processes, and health care processes necessary to understand their health status and make informed decisions
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- Check patient materials for appropriate reading levels
- Check to see if your patients actually can hear you and are listening attentively
- In conversation, use language that reflects the terms and tones that the patient uses when describing complaints or expressing concerns
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2
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Math/Numeracy Risks
Test results, lab values, dosages, lifelong risks, rates of change, etc. can be unclear to patients with limited math skills.
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- Don’t assume comprehension of probabilities or formulas
- Put important numbers in context (e.g., ranges) and in writing
- When possible, use (simple) visual displays to convey complex math
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3
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Values & Preferences
Myriad socio-economic factors frame a patient’s envisioned future, and how they prioritize health issues. Each patient’s outlook on life is unique.
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- Inquire about what’s most important for today and for tomorrow
- Frame treatment decisions based on a patient’s willingness and ability to change lifestyle habits for potential health benefits
- Ask patients directly if they agree with your top concerns or your most crucial recommendations
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4
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Recommended or Mandated Health Screenings or Preventive Care
The importance, efficacy, and limitations of health screening and preventive care is fluid and confusing—especially when medical history, family history, and genetics are variables.
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- Clarify the difference between prevention and screening
- Provide aids that patients can use to better understand the value of preventive measures
- Consider how the tenor of your guidance will impact a patient’s decision to follow screening and preventive care recommendations
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5
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Signs/Symptoms
Confusing or conflated terminology, cultural or regional variations of terms used to describe health-related signs/symptoms and their duration, frequency, and intensity
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6
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Testing and Referrals
Follow through on ordered testing or referrals depends on the patient understanding why, what to expect, the time and costs involved, and the degree of urgency.
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- Explain the reason for a test or referral order in a way your patient can, in turn, explain it to the lab, imaging center, or specialist
- Explain the nature of ordered tests and any preparation requirements
- Ask the patient the likelihood he or she will make and keep the appointment
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7
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Results and Diagnoses
Even seemingly straightforward concepts as positive/negative can befuddle ailing and anxious patients. Likewise for diagnoses, which may sound overly troublesome for patients unfamiliar with clinical terms.
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- Tell patients how their results will be communicated and when
- Ensure that results sent directly to patients provide context and resources to assist interpretation. For results shared in person, confirm the patient understands definitive findings and guide him or her through numerical values.
- Patients who adequately understand the gravity of their diagnosis are better suited to engage in treatment decisions and regimens
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8
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Treatment Risks and Benefits
Population-based risk projections and general descriptions of the potential benefits and risks (of either undergoing or foregoing treatment) can be difficult for a patient to personalize.
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- Be specific about both the likelihood and the nature of a given risk or benefit for that patient and any risk mitigating or elevating factors
- Use the patient’s current health status (if other than ideal) as the baseline for expectations about their post-treatment status
- Explain the potential impact of delaying a decision to proceed with treatment
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9
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Alternative or Non-evidence-based Medicine
Questions, expectations, or misinformation regarding outlier treatments or clinical trials
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- Inquire about why and where the patient sought alternative care guidance
- Explain your process for accessing treatment options
- Explain any potential dangers of aberrant treatment methods
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10
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Shared Decision Making
An expectation to make health care decisions can be empowering or burdening, depending on a patient’s comprehension of key factors.
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- Ensure patients that you are not abdicating responsibility for their care
- Confirm that a patient’s questions have been addressed ahead of any key decisions
- Ask patients directly if they understand your assessment or agree with your recommendations
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